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3.1 人稱代詞的用法
1)人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語或主語補(bǔ)語。例如:
John waited a while but eventually he went home. 約翰等了一會(huì)兒,較后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗,還真是她。
說明:在復(fù)合句中,如果主句和從句主語相同,代詞主語要用在從句中,名詞主語用在主句中。例如:
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 約翰一到就直接去銀行了。
2)人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語或介詞賓語,但在口語中也能作主語補(bǔ)語,先進(jìn)人稱在省略句中,還可以作主語。例如:
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他們?cè)谝黄,至少我認(rèn)為是她。(her做賓語,them做介詞賓語,her做主語補(bǔ)語)
a. —— Who broke the vase? ——誰打碎了花瓶?
b. —— Me. ——我。(me做主語補(bǔ)語= It's me.)
說明:在上面兩例句中,her和me分別作主語補(bǔ)語,F(xiàn)代英語中多用賓格,在正式文體中這里應(yīng)為she和I.
3.2 人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換
1) 賓格代替主格
a.在簡(jiǎn)短對(duì)話中,當(dāng)人稱代詞單獨(dú)使用或在not 后,多用賓語。
---- I like English. --我喜歡英語。
---- Me too. --我也喜歡。
---- Have more wine? --再來點(diǎn)酒喝嗎?
---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中,常用賓格代替主格。 但如果比較狀語的謂語保留,則主語只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替賓格
a. 在介詞but,except 后,有時(shí)可用主格代替賓格。
b. 在電話用語中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和瑪麗通話。
---- This is she. --我就是瑪麗。
注意:在動(dòng)詞be 或to be 后的人稱代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。
I thought it was she. 我以為是她! 。ㄖ鞲——主格)
I thought it to be her. (賓格——賓格)
I was taken to be she. 我被當(dāng)成了她! (主格——主格)
They took me to be her. 他們把我當(dāng)成了她! (賓格——賓格)
3.3 代詞的指代問題
1)不定代詞 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式場(chǎng)合使用時(shí),可用he, his, him代替。例如:
Nobody came, did he? 誰也沒來,是嗎?
2)動(dòng)物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替,有時(shí)也用he, she,帶有親切的感情色彩。例如:
Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。
3)指代車或國家,船舶的名詞,含感情色彩時(shí)常用she.
3.4 并列人稱代詞的排列順序
1) 單數(shù)人稱代詞并列作主語時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋旱诙朔Q-> 第三人稱 -> 先進(jìn)人稱,即you-> he/she; it -> I.例如:
You, he and I should return on time.
2) 復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞作主語時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋合冗M(jìn)人稱 -> 第二人稱 -> 第三人稱,即we。>you->they.
注意: 在下列情況中,先進(jìn)人稱放在前面。
a. 在承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤,承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí),
It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和約翰惹她生氣了。
b. 在長(zhǎng)輩對(duì)晚輩,長(zhǎng)官對(duì)下屬說話時(shí),如長(zhǎng)官為先進(jìn)人稱,如:
I and you try to finish it. 我和你去弄好它。
c. 并列主語只有先進(jìn)人稱和第三人稱時(shí)。
d. 當(dāng)其他人稱代詞或名詞被定語從句修飾時(shí)。
3.5 物主代詞
1)物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用。例如:
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
約翰割破了手指,顯而易見,他桌子上有個(gè)破玻璃杯。
物主代詞有形容詞性(my, your等)和名詞性(mine, yours等)兩種,形容詞性的物主代詞屬于限定詞。名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當(dāng)于省略了中心名詞的——'s屬格結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
Jack's cap 意為The cap is Jack's.
His cap 意為The cap is his.
2) 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能
a. 作主語。例如:
May I use your pen? Yours works better. 我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎?你的比我的好用。
b. 作賓語。例如:
I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我深愛我的祖國就像你深愛你的祖國一樣。
c. 作介詞賓語。例如:
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你應(yīng)當(dāng)按我所用的詞義去解釋我說的話,而不能按你自己的去解釋。
d. 作主語補(bǔ)語。例如:
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命屬于你,屬于你,屬于你。
3.6 雙重所有格
物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置,修飾一個(gè)名詞,而必須用雙重所有格。公式為:a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。例如:a friend of mine, each brother of his.
3.7 .反身代詞
1) 列表
數(shù)
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
人稱
先進(jìn)人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
先進(jìn)人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
人稱代詞
I
you
he/she/it
we
you
they
反身代詞
myself
yourself
yourself/herself/himself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
另外:one的反身代詞為oneself
2)做賓語
a. 有些動(dòng)詞需有反身代詞,如absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave等。例如:
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我們昨晚玩得很開心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 請(qǐng)你隨便吃點(diǎn)魚。
b. 用于及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+介詞,如take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth等。例如:
I could not dress(myself)up at that time. 那個(gè)時(shí)候我不能打扮我自己。
注:有些動(dòng)詞后不跟反身代詞,如:get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。例如:
Please sit down. 請(qǐng)坐。
3) 用作表語,如結(jié)構(gòu)be oneself.例如:
I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
4) 用作同位語
The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。
5) 在不強(qiáng)調(diào)的情況下,but, except, for 等介詞后賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞賓格均可。如:No one but myself(me)is hurt.
注意:
a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨(dú)作主語。
(錯(cuò)) Myself drove the car.
(對(duì)) I myself drove the car. 我自己開車。
b. 但在and, or, nor連接的并列主語中,第二個(gè)主語可用反身代詞,特別是myself 作主語。例如:
Charles and myself saw it. 查爾斯和我看見了這件事。
3.8 相互代詞
1)相互代詞只有each other和one another兩個(gè)詞組。他們表示句中動(dòng)詞所敘述的動(dòng)作或感覺在涉及的各個(gè)對(duì)象之間是相互存在的。例如:
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
顯而易見,不同文化的人總是相互借鑒的。
2)相互代詞的句法功能:
a. 作動(dòng)詞賓語;
People should love one another. 人們應(yīng)當(dāng)彼此相愛。
b. 可作介詞賓語;
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、雞鳴、蛙兒對(duì)唱。
說明:傳統(tǒng)語法認(rèn)為,相互關(guān)系存在于兩個(gè)人或物之間用each other, 存在于兩個(gè)以上人和物之間用one another.現(xiàn)代英語中,兩組詞交替使用的實(shí)例也很多。例如:
He put all the books beside each other/one another. 他把所有書并列擺放起來。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other. 這些小團(tuán)體通常是相互獨(dú)立的。
c. 相互代詞可加-'s構(gòu)成所有格。例如:
The students borrowed each other's notes. 孩子們互借筆記。
3.9 指示代詞
1) 指示代詞分單數(shù)(this / that)和復(fù)數(shù)(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞。例如:
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
限定詞
This girl is Mary.
Those men are my teachers.
代詞
This is Mary.
Those are my teachers.
2) 指示代詞的句法功能;
a. 作主語。例如:
This is the way to do it. 這事兒就該這樣做。
b. 作賓語。例如:
I like this better than that. 我喜歡這個(gè)甚至那個(gè)。
c. 作主語補(bǔ)語。例如:
My point is this. 我的觀點(diǎn)就是如此。
d. 作介詞賓語。例如:
I don't say no to that. 我并未拒絕那個(gè)。
There is no fear of that. 那并不可怕。
說明1:指示代詞在作主語時(shí)可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分時(shí)只能指物,不能指人。例如:
(對(duì))That is my teacher. 那是我的老師。(that作主語,指人)
(對(duì))He is going to marry this girl. 他要和這個(gè)姑娘結(jié)婚。(this作限定詞)
(錯(cuò))He is going to marry this.。╰his作賓語時(shí)不能指人)
(對(duì))I bought this. 我買這個(gè)。(this指物,可作賓語)
說明2:That和those可作定語從句的先行詞,但this和 these不能,同時(shí),在作先行詞時(shí),只有those可指人,試比較:
(對(duì)) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。
(對(duì)) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
(錯(cuò)) He admired that who danced well.。╰hat作賓語時(shí)不能指人)
(對(duì)) He admired those who danced well. 他贊賞跳舞好的人。(those指人)
(對(duì)) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。(those指物)
3.10 疑問代詞
1) 疑問代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用,用來構(gòu)成疑問句。疑問代詞有下列幾個(gè):
指人: who, whom, whose
指物: what
既可指人又可指物: which
2) 疑問代詞在句中應(yīng)位于謂語動(dòng)詞之前,沒有性和數(shù)的變化,除who之外也沒有格的變化。what, which, whose還可作限定詞。試比較:
疑問代詞:Whose are these books on the desk? 桌上的書是誰的?
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美國的領(lǐng)土擴(kuò)張是朝哪個(gè)方向的?
限定詞:Whose books are these on the desk? 桌上的書是誰的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?
哪些事件使密西西比河以東的大部分土地歸屬于美國?
說明1:無論是做疑問代詞還是限定詞,which 和 what 所指的范圍不同。what所指的范圍是無限的,而which則指在一定的范圍內(nèi)。例如:
Which girls do you like best? 你喜歡哪幾個(gè)姑娘?
What girls do you like best? 你喜歡什么樣的姑娘?
說明2:Whom是who的賓格,在書面語中,它作動(dòng)詞賓語或介詞賓語,在口語中作賓語時(shí),可用who代替,但在介詞后只能用whom, 例如:
Who(m)did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了誰?(作動(dòng)詞賓語)
Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把這書帶給誰?(作介詞賓語,置句首)
To whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校園里和誰講話了?(作介詞賓語,置介詞后,不能用who取代。)
說明3: 疑問代詞用于對(duì)介詞賓語提問時(shí),過去的文體中介詞和疑問代詞通常一起放在句首,現(xiàn)代英語中,疑問代詞在句首,介詞在句末。例如:
For what do most people live and work? 大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(舊文體)
What are you looking for? 你在找什么?(現(xiàn)代英語)
說明4: 疑問代詞還可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。例如:
I can't make out what he is driving at. 我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed? 你能告訴我床上的藍(lán)襯衣是誰的嗎?
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你說的我大部分同意,但并不完全贊同。
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