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2016中考英語語法:主謂一致
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謂語受主語支配,須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致,這叫做主謂一致。主謂一致一般遵循三條原則:語法一致原則,意義一致原則和就近一致原則。
1. 語法一致的原則
(1)以單數(shù)名詞或代詞,動詞不定式短語作主語時,謂語動詞要用單數(shù);主語為復(fù)數(shù)時,謂語用復(fù)數(shù),例如:
He goes to school early every morning.
The children are playing outside.
To work hard is necessary for a student.
(2)由and或both……and連接的并列成分作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
Both he and I are right.
Mr Black and Mrs Black have a son called Tom.
但并列主語如果指的是同一人,同一事物或同一概念,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如:
His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.
The poet and writer has come.
(3)由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語之前如果分別由each, every修飾時,其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如:
In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.
Each man and each woman is asked to help.
(4)主語是單數(shù)時,盡管后面跟有 but ,except, besides, with 等介詞短語,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。例如:
The teacher with his students is going to visit the museum.
Nobody but two boys was late for class.
Bread and butter is a daily food in the west.
(5) 一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞,如people, police, cattle, clothes等作主語時,謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
A lot of people are dancing outside.
The police are looking for lost boy.
(6)由each, some, any, no, every 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語時,謂語動詞都用單數(shù)。例如:
Is everybody ready?
Somebody is using the phone.
(7)有兩部分構(gòu)成的物體的名詞,如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
Where are my shoes? I can’t find them.
Your trousers are dirty. You’d better change them.
如果這類名詞前用了a pair of等,則往往用作單數(shù),謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式往往取決于pair的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
Here are some new pairs of shoes.
My new pair of socks is on the bed.
2. 意義一致的原則
(1)表時間、距離、價格、度量衡等的名詞作主語時,謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。例如:
Twenty years is not a long time.
Ten dollars is too dear.
(2)有些集合名詞,如family, team等作主語時,如作為一個整體看待,謂語動詞用單數(shù);如指其中每個成員,則用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
My family is big one.
My family are watching TV.
(3)不定代詞由all, most, more, some, any, none作主語時,也要依這些代詞表示的意義來決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果代詞代表復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù);如果代詞代表單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如:
All of the work has been finished.
All of the people have gone.
(4)疑問代詞作主語時,其謂語動詞也有兩種情況:主語表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù);主語表示單數(shù)意義,則謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如:
Who is your brother?
Who are League members?
(5)“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”構(gòu)成的詞組作主語時,其謂語動詞要以of后面的名詞而定。名詞是復(fù)數(shù),謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù):名詞是單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如:
It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are women.
Three -fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
(6)half, the rest等表示不定數(shù)量的名詞作主語時,如果所指為復(fù)數(shù)意義,動詞用復(fù)數(shù);如果所指為單數(shù)意義,動詞用單數(shù)。例如:
I have read a large part of the book, the rest is more difficult.
Only ten students attended the class because all the rest were off sick.
(7)由what 引導(dǎo)地主于從句作主語時,通常謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。但如果所指內(nèi)容為復(fù)數(shù)意義時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
What she said is correct.
What she left me are a few old books.
(8)凡是以“定冠詞+形容詞(或分詞)”作主語,往往根據(jù)意義一致的原則決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果這種主語指的是一類人,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù);如果指的是一個人或抽象概念,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如:
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
The dead is a famous person.
3. 鄰近一致的原則
(1)由連詞or, either……or, neither……nor, not only…but also,等連接的并列主語,如果一個是單數(shù),一個是復(fù)數(shù),則謂語動詞按就近一致原則,與較靠近它的主語一致。例如:
Either you or I am right.
Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.
(2)在“There be” 句型中,謂語動詞和靠近的主語一致。
There are two apples and one egg in it.
(3)as well as 和名詞連用時,謂語動詞和先進個名詞相一致。
He as well as I is responsible for it.
不但是我,他對這件事也有責(zé)任。
(4)以here開頭的句子,其謂語動詞和靠近的主語一致。
Here is a letter and some books for you.
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