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[經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享] 并列結(jié)構(gòu)的用法
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并列是英語(yǔ)詞、句重要的連接手段,是指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上意義相關(guān)、層次相同、句法功能也相同,并由并列連詞或其他并列手段連接起來的結(jié)構(gòu)序列。值得注意的是:并列的成分必須是在同一層次上,并具有相同的句法功能,如果不具備這個(gè)條件,那就不是并列結(jié)構(gòu)。
如名詞詞組an elderly,talkative teacher和a talkative old teacher ,前者中的elderly和 talkative是并列成分,因?yàn)閮烧叨贾苯有揎?teacher;而后者中的old直接修飾teacher,talkative則不是修飾teacher,而是修飾old teacher,因此,talkative和old兩者在語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上屬于不同的層次,不能稱之為并列成分。
并列成分可以是詞、詞組的并列,如: ladies and gentlemen(名詞),buy or sell(動(dòng)詞),good but expensive(形容詞);a doctor and a nurse(名詞詞組),with strength but without confidence(介詞詞組)。也可以是分句的并列,如:He is a teacher,and his wife is a doctor.
并列結(jié)構(gòu)可以是主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的并列,也可以是表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)的并列。例如:John and his wife are my closest friends.(主語(yǔ))
Hespeaks,used to speak,with a very strong accent.(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)
This dress is very cheap but rather old-fashioned.(表語(yǔ))
You can go to Beijing by train or by air.(狀語(yǔ))
從構(gòu)成上來說,并列結(jié)構(gòu)是較為固定的。因?yàn)樗男纬呻x不開并列連詞的連接,而并列連詞為數(shù)較少。較典型的并列連詞有三個(gè):and,or和but。and,or用法非常廣泛,具備并列連詞的全部句法功能。除上述三個(gè)并列連詞外,還有幾對(duì)“關(guān)聯(lián)并列連詞”:not only……but(also),both……and,either……or,neither……nor等。
若按詞匯意義劃分,并列連詞主要可以分為以下四種類型:
1.以and為代表的表示意義引申類
除and外,both……and,not only……but also,and……as well為肯定意義類引申,not……nor,neither……nor為否定意義類引申等。
例如:Shanghai is the biggest city,and the economic and financial center in China.
She can both sing and dance.
Not only the mother but also the children are sick.
I will not do it,nor consider it.
Neither has Mary wanted to rent a house,nor does her husband.
2.以or為代表的表示選擇概念類
除or外,還有either……or。
例如:You can do it yourself or ask someone else to do it.
Either you or he is wrong.
3.以but為代表的表示轉(zhuǎn)折意義類
除but外,還有not……but,while,whereas,only等。
例如:He is young but capable.
It’s not mine,but yours.
John is quiet,while his brother is talkative.
4.以for為代表的因果關(guān)系類
除for外,還有so,thus,therefore,hence等。
例如:He is absent today,for he is sick.
He studies hard,thus he gained high marks.
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