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高考英語閱讀理解猜詞義的方法【高考復(fù)習(xí)】
一、類屬法
即通過類屬來推測詞義。如:
■Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kinds of fruit grow in warm areas.
說明:從句意我們知道 pineapples 和 coconuts 與 bananas, oranges是同類事物,同屬水果(準(zhǔn)確地說是“菠蘿”和“椰子”)。
二、推理法
即根據(jù)文章的前后語境推出生詞的詞義。如:
■That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.
說明:既然一天之內(nèi)看不完所有的展品,那么 immense 的意思應(yīng)該是“很大”了。
■Everyone agreed that the woman in the photo was gorgeous. It was easy to see why she had won the beauty contest.
說明:既然“她在選美比賽中獲勝”,說明她“很美麗”(gorgeous)。
三、列舉法
即通過對文章所列舉的事物來猜測生詞的詞義。如:
■Children like such creatures as dogs and monkeys.
說明:像 dogs 和 monkeys 之類的 “creatures”,顯然creatures 的意思應(yīng)是“動物”。
■In your spare time, you may look through any of these periodicals: Time Magazine, News Week, or The New Worker.
說明:periodical 是生詞,但根據(jù)其后所列舉的例子,我們可以推測出它的意思可能是“期刊”或“雜志”。
四、構(gòu)詞法
即根據(jù)前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等構(gòu)詞知識判斷生詞的詞義。如:
■Overwork may cause diseases.
說明:前綴 over- 的意思是“過分的,過量的”,故 overwork 的意思應(yīng)為“工作過度”。
■There was a dissatisfied look in the manager’s eyes.
說明:satisfied 的意思是“滿意的”,前綴 dis- 的意思是“不”,故 dissatisfied 的意思應(yīng)該是“不滿意的”。
五、對比法
即根據(jù)文章前后的對比關(guān)系確定生詞的詞義。如:
■He had been getting better, but during the night his condition deteriorated .
說明:句中的 but 表明 deteriorate 應(yīng)該與 get better 的意思相反,即“惡化”。
■In many countries there are two financial extremes, from penury to great wealth.
說明:上文說兩個經(jīng)濟(jì)上的極端,那么下文中 penury 應(yīng)與 great wealth 相對,即表示“貧困”。
■Mrs. Smith is loquacious while her husband is the silent type.
說明:while 表對比,意為“而”,所以 loquacious 應(yīng)是 silent 的反義,即“多嘴的”。
■If you agree, draw a circle; and a cross if you dissent.
說明:既然畫圈表示同意,那么畫叉便是“不同意”(dissent)。
六、同位法
同位語是對所修飾詞語的進(jìn)一步說明和解釋,若對所修飾的詞語不熟悉,可通過其后同位語的“說明或解釋”來確定其詞義。如:
■His father is an expert in phonetics, the study of the sounds of language.
說明:同位語 the study of the sounds of language 表示 phonetics 的意思應(yīng)該是“語音學(xué)”。
■Jean was born with spina bifida, a birth illness that damages the spine(脊骨).
說明:同位語 a birth illness that damages the spine 表明了spina bifida 是一種病,一種對脊骨有損害的病。
七、釋義法
即根據(jù)文章中所提供的釋義關(guān)系來確定生詞的詞義。如:
■They described him as a loon, or a mad man.
說明:句中的or 是對loon的解釋,即loon與a mad man 同義,即表示“瘋子”。
■It will be very hard but also very brittle, that is, it will break easily.
說明:句中的 that is 表明 it will break easily 是對 brittle 的解釋,從而猜測出其意為“脆”。
■The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 500 yuan a year.
說明:定語從句 who looks after sheep 表明 herdsman 的詞義為“牧人”。
■There are three kinds of snow. One kind is a fluffy snow that is somewhat dry and feathery?
說明:定語從句 that is somewhat dry and feathery(有點(diǎn)兒干、像羽毛似的) 表明 fluffy snow 的意思可能是“鵝毛大雪”。
八、 常識法
即根據(jù)普通常識推測生詞的詞義。如:
■It’s said that Bill Gates is the most affluent person in the world.
說明:根據(jù)常識,Bill Gates 為世界首富,所以 affluent 可能是“富有的”。
■As a scientist, Edison is very famous for his contrivances.
說明:根據(jù)常識,Edison為發(fā)明大王,他應(yīng)因“發(fā)明”而聞名于世。
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