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2019北京高三二模診斷英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)!現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是“過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且已經(jīng)完成”。大家能區(qū)分現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),過(guò)去完成時(shí)嗎,下面看看小編為大家準(zhǔn)備較新的2019北京高三二模診斷英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)內(nèi)容,希望對(duì)大家的進(jìn)步有所幫助。
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2019北京高三二模診斷英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(一)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)化成一般過(guò)去時(shí),還可以轉(zhuǎn)化成“It is/has been +時(shí)間段+since從句(用一般過(guò)去時(shí))”等句型。
e.g. Jim has been back for a month. 吉姆已經(jīng)回來(lái)一個(gè)月了。 = Jim came back a month ago. 吉姆一個(gè)月前就回來(lái)了
= It is/has been a month since Jim came back. 自吉姆回來(lái)已經(jīng)有一個(gè)月了。 = A month has passed since Jim came back. I have kept the book for two days. = I borrowed the book two days ago.
= It is / has been two days since I borrowed the book. = Two days has passed since I borrowed the book.
2019北京高三二模診斷英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(二)
(1)有一些動(dòng)詞是瞬間動(dòng)詞,也叫非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,這些動(dòng)詞一發(fā)生就結(jié)束了,常見(jiàn)的有:come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等。這些動(dòng)詞雖然可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果還存在),但由于它們不能延續(xù),因此不能跟表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。(也即現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第二個(gè)基本用法中不能使用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)。
e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。
Jim has come back for a month. (誤) come back的動(dòng)作不能延續(xù)一個(gè)月,因此錯(cuò)誤。
(2)瞬間動(dòng)詞不可以用于有段時(shí)間的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中,因此,若要解決這一問(wèn)題,就應(yīng)把它改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ),主要有以下幾種:
、儆孟鄳(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞
如: buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold ②轉(zhuǎn)換成be+名詞
如: join → be a member of go to school → be a student ③轉(zhuǎn)換成be+形容詞或副詞
如: die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over fall asleep — be asleep open → be open get up → be up close → closed ④轉(zhuǎn)換成be+介詞短語(yǔ)
如: come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→ be in/at… join the army → be in the army(軍隊(duì))
e.g. I have borrowed the book. 我已經(jīng)借了那本書(shū)。
I have kept the book for two days. 我已經(jīng)借那本書(shū)兩天了。
Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已經(jīng)加入那樂(lè)隊(duì)了。
Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已經(jīng)加入那個(gè)樂(lè)隊(duì)一個(gè)月了。
His grandfather has died. 他祖父已經(jīng)死了。
His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已經(jīng)死了兩年了。
My father has arrived in China. 我父親已經(jīng)到達(dá)中國(guó)了。
My father has been in China for a week. 我父親已經(jīng)在中國(guó)一個(gè)星期了。
(3)在否定句中,非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也可以與時(shí)間段連用。
e.g. I haven’t borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以來(lái)我就沒(méi)有在圖書(shū)館借過(guò)書(shū)。
Jim hasn’t come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年沒(méi)回來(lái)了。
2019北京高三二模診斷英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(三)
現(xiàn)在讓我們來(lái)比較一下現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。在比較這兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本概念是否理解,因?yàn)閷?duì)于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)我們已經(jīng)有了一個(gè)基本的理解了。
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是一兼有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)二者基本特點(diǎn)的時(shí)態(tài)。由于它有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特點(diǎn),所以它可以表示某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。由于它有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特點(diǎn),所以它也可以表示某一動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性、臨時(shí)性、重復(fù)性、生動(dòng)性乃至感情色彩。
現(xiàn)在就現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的這些特點(diǎn)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)作一簡(jiǎn)單的比較:
(1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)皆可表示動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果,但前者所表示的結(jié)果是直接的,而后者所表示的則是較后的結(jié)果。如:
We have been cleaning the classroom. (a)
We have cleaned the classroom. (b)
(a)句可譯為“我們打掃教室來(lái)著。”其直接結(jié)果可能是:我們身上都是灰。(b)句可以譯為“我們把教室打掃過(guò)了。”其結(jié)果是:現(xiàn)在教室很清潔,可以用了。另外,(a)句表示教室剛剛打掃過(guò),(b)句則可能表示教室是昨天打掃的。
Be careful! John has been painting the door.(a)
John has painted the door.(b)
(a)句表示約翰剛剛把門(mén)油漆過(guò),現(xiàn)在油漆還未干,所以你要小心。(b)句則無(wú)此含義,油漆可能已干了。
(2)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)有延續(xù)性,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往沒(méi)有。如:
They have been widening the road. (a)
They have widened the road. (b)
(a)句的意思是他們?cè)诩訉採(cǎi)R路,但尚未完工。(b)句的意思則是已完工了。有時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有延續(xù)性(如一些屬于持續(xù)體的動(dòng)詞),但無(wú)臨時(shí)性質(zhì)。如:
Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978.(a)
Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979.(b)
(a)句有“史密斯先生在倫敦久居”的含義,(b)句則沒(méi)有。
(3)但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)并不總是具有臨時(shí)的性質(zhì),如:
My mother has been teaching English for twenty years. (a)
My mother has taught English for twenty years. (b)
(a)句在此并無(wú)臨時(shí)性質(zhì),但較口語(yǔ)化。(b)句則較為正式。另外,(a)句表示動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù),并將延續(xù)下去,(b)句的動(dòng)作是否延續(xù)下去,須由上下文決定,但在一般情況下都是延續(xù)下去的。
(4)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)往往表示動(dòng)作在重復(fù),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常常不帶重復(fù)性。如:
Have you been meeting her lately? (a)
Have you met her lately? (b)
(a)句有“經(jīng)常相會(huì)”之意,(b)句則沒(méi)有。(b)句如與often, every day等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,當(dāng)然也表示動(dòng)作在重復(fù)。
(5)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)比較生動(dòng),有時(shí)含有明顯的感情色彩,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往只說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí),一種影響或結(jié)果,平鋪直敘,沒(méi)有什么感情色彩可言。如:
What have you been doing? (a)
What have you done? (b)
(a)句表示驚異,(b)句只是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。
Have you been waiting long? (a)
Have you waited long? (b)
(a)句比(b)句生動(dòng)。另外,(a)句比較口語(yǔ)化。
I have been wanting to meet you for long. (a)
I have long wanted to meet you. (b)
(a)句比(b)句更親切,更有禮貌。
Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly. (a)
Recently Mary has done her work regularly. (b)
(a) 句顯然是在表?yè)P(yáng)瑪麗,(b)只說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)。
下面還有一例,頗為有趣:
Who's been eating my apples? (a)
Who's eaten my apples? (b)
(a)句有強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩,表示憤怒不滿(mǎn),(b)句只是希望回答的一個(gè)問(wèn)題。另外,(a)句兼有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),所以有“蘋(píng)果未被全部吃光”的意思,(b)句是完成時(shí)態(tài),說(shuō)明“蘋(píng)果一個(gè)不剩了”
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