上海初中英語(yǔ)“閱讀理解”知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理(2)

　　(3)無(wú)主題句

　　有時(shí)，一篇文章里并沒有明顯的主題句。這時(shí)我們應(yīng)該怎樣來(lái)確定文章的主題或中心意思呢?其實(shí)這也不難。我們可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是圍繞一個(gè)中心來(lái)展開的，或者說(shuō)是來(lái)說(shuō)明一個(gè)問(wèn)題的。這個(gè)中心或這個(gè)問(wèn)題就是這篇文章的主題或中心意思。

　　請(qǐng)看2004年江西省中診斷題閱讀理解A:

　　Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make

　　more honey(蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.

　　Scientists could not control(控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.?

　　Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting(叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.

　　Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.?

　　這篇短文表面看起來(lái)沒有主題句，那末怎樣來(lái)確定它的中心意思呢?按照上面的說(shuō)明，我們先找出每一段的大意：先進(jìn)段講的是“killer bees”的產(chǎn)生。第二段講的是“killer bees” 的急劇增加。第三段講的是人們害怕“killer bees”的原因。第四段講的是“killer bees”已經(jīng)殺死的人數(shù)和將來(lái)的狀況。從這幾段的大意可以看出這篇文章自始至終都是圍繞“killer bees”這一中心展開的。換句話說(shuō)，“killer bees”就是這篇文章的主題。

　　在這篇短文的后面就出了一道這樣的閱讀理解題：

　　59. The best title of the passage is ____________.

　　A. How to make more honey B. Killer bees

　　C. A foolish scientist D. How to feed killer bees

　　毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，答案應(yīng)該是：B。

　　2.如何根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義?

　　猜測(cè)詞義也是一種英語(yǔ)閱讀能力。英語(yǔ)閱讀理解試題中有不少這樣的題目。

　　任何一個(gè)實(shí)詞，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個(gè)確定的詞義。所謂上下文(context),正如英語(yǔ)辭典所解釋的，其作用就是幫助確定上下文中的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子的意義。據(jù)此，我們可以盡可能地利用上下文來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義，即從已知推求未知，也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)猜測(cè)我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。猜測(cè)詞義時(shí)，我們可以從三個(gè)方面來(lái)考慮：1)根據(jù)上下文已知部分進(jìn)行邏輯上的推理。2)運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法分析。3)依靠常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)做出判斷。根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義的方法有下列幾種：

　　(1)根據(jù)定義或解釋猜測(cè)詞義。例如：甘肅省2002年中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀材料B:

　　A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短語(yǔ)). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag.” It is the same as “to tell a secret”….

　　Now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.”

　　短文后面有一個(gè)理解題目：

　　John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ________.

　　A. makes everyone know a secret

　　B. the woman bout a cat

　　C. buys a cat in the bag

　　D. sells the cat in the bag

　　在這篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”雖然是一個(gè)新出現(xiàn)的短語(yǔ)，但緊接著后面就給出解釋It is the same as “to tell a secret.根據(jù)這一解釋，我們就可判斷出正確答案應(yīng)為A。

　　(2)根據(jù)情景和邏輯進(jìn)行判斷。例如：2004年北京市海淀區(qū)中診斷題閱讀材料A。其中第三段是這樣的：

　　As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.

　　文章后面有這樣一道題：

　　53. In the text, “put an end to” means “___________”.

　　A. stop B. cut C. kill D. fly

　　根據(jù)文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他們肯定會(huì)去制止。因?yàn)橹浦勾蚣芏窔�是警察的職�?zé)。根據(jù)這一推理，答案應(yīng)該是A。

　　(3)根據(jù)并列、同位關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。例如：福州市2004年中考英語(yǔ)試題的閱讀材料B。

　　There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island in New Zealand.

　　101. What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese??

　　A. 自來(lái)水B. 大氣C. 冰川D. 蒸汽

　　從語(yǔ)法上看，steam和hot water是并列關(guān)系，我們就以斷定這兩種東西是相關(guān)的，是同一類第物質(zhì)。在所給第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有“蒸汽”有這種可能。

　　(4)根據(jù)背景和常識(shí)判斷。請(qǐng)看2004年北京市海淀區(qū)中診斷題的閱讀材料C:

　　Watching some children trying to catch butterflies one August afternoon, I was reminded of an incident in my own childhood. When I was a boy of twelve in South Carolina, something happened to me that made me never put any wild creature (living thing) in a cage(籠子).

　　We lived on the edge of a forest, and every evening at dusk the mockingbirds would come and rest in the trees and sing. There isn?t a musical instrument made by man that can produce a more beautiful sound than the song of the mockingbird.

　　I decided that I would catch a young bird and keep it in a cage and in that way, I would have my own private musician.

　　I finally succeeded in catching one and put it in a cage. At first, being scared, the bird fluttered(撲騰) about the cage, but finally it settled down in its new home. I felt very pleased with myself and looked forward to some beautiful singing from my little musician.

　　On the second day of the bird’s captivity, my new pet’s mother flew to the cage with food in her mouth. The baby bird ate everything she brought to it. I was pleased to see this. Certainly the mother knew better than I how to feed her baby.

　　The following morning when I went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing, I discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. I was terribly surprised! What had happened! I had taken extremely care of my little bird, or so I thought.

　　Arthur Wayne, the famous ornithologist, who happened to be visiting my father at the time, hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. “A mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). She thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.”

　　Never since then have I caught any living creature and put it in a cage. All living creatures have a right to live free.

　　60. An ornithologist is probably a person who ____________ . ?

　　A. studies birds

　　B. loves creatures?

　　C. majors in habits

　　D. takes care of trees?

　　Ornithologist 這個(gè)詞從來(lái)沒有見到過(guò)，但是通過(guò)他的語(yǔ)言我們可以判斷出這是一個(gè)對(duì)鳥很有研究的人。我很愛鳥，把鳥裝在籠子里，并細(xì)心照料，而且鳥的母親也飛過(guò)來(lái)喂這只鳥，但這只鳥卻死了，我很不理解。到我家來(lái)的這個(gè)人給我詳細(xì)解釋了鳥死的原因，說(shuō)明這個(gè)人非常懂鳥。據(jù)此，我們可以斷定答案影視A。

　　除了前面提到的方法以外，還有下面一些方法：

　　(5)根據(jù)同義、反義關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。

　　(6)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。

　　3.如何確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)?

　　在閱讀理解題目中，有相當(dāng)一部分是考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。這類題目相對(duì)容易一些。這些題目有兩個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)：(1)凡屬針對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的功課，其正確答案大都可以在閱讀材料中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的文字部分作為驗(yàn)證。這一部分可能是一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)，也可能是一個(gè)句子或相關(guān)的若干句子，但句式、用詞和表達(dá)方式不同。(2)干擾項(xiàng)往往是主體思想與細(xì)節(jié)混雜，正確答案細(xì)節(jié)和非正確答案的細(xì)節(jié)混雜，甚至真假混雜。因此，要做好閱讀理解中的確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目，一要在文章中找出相應(yīng)的信息點(diǎn)，二要排除干擾項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)看2003年陜西省中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀理解題第48小題：

　　What do plants make food from? They make food from _______.

　　A. sunlight, water and things in the soil and air

　　B. water, sunlight and things in the soil

　　C. water and things in the soil and air

　　D. water, sunlight and things in the soil

　　這一小題考查的就是文章的細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)。這一細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的表述在文章中可以直接找到：Plants are “factories”. They make food from sunlight, water and things in the soil and air.

　　4.如何進(jìn)行推斷?

　　所謂推斷，就是根據(jù)閱讀材料中所提供的信息，推斷出未知的信息。即把有關(guān)的文字作為已知部分，從中推斷出未知部分。據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字可能是詞或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。

　　中考英語(yǔ)試題中的推斷題很多，包括的面也很大。其類型主要有以下幾種：

　　(1)事實(shí)推斷：這種推斷常常針對(duì)某一個(gè)或幾個(gè)具體細(xì)節(jié)，是比較簡(jiǎn)單的推斷。進(jìn)行這種推斷，要首先在文章中找出據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行間的意思。

　　請(qǐng)看2002年南京市中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀理解第14小題：

　　According to the passage, which of the following can you most possibly watch on TV?

　　A. You often play football with your friends after school.

　　B. Your teacher has got a cold.

　　C. A tiger in the city zoo has run out and hasn’t been caught.

　　D. The bike in front of your house is lost.

　　在閱讀材料中，有這樣一段文字：

　　Secondly, a news story has to be interesting and unusual. People don’t want to read stories about everyday life. As a result, many stories are about some kind of danger and seem to be “bad” news.

　　根據(jù)這段文字，我們可以推斷：電視報(bào)道的新聞故事硬是有趣的和不平常的。因此，正確答案應(yīng)為C。

　　推斷題還包括以下幾個(gè)方面：

　　(2)指代推斷：確定指代詞的含義和指代對(duì)象是閱讀理解題常見的題目。要確定指代詞所指代的對(duì)象，關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)所在上下文的正確理解。指代名詞的指代詞，其單復(fù)數(shù)形式英語(yǔ)被指代的詞一致，因此數(shù)的形式可作為識(shí)別指代對(duì)象先進(jìn)個(gè)輔助標(biāo)志。

　　(3)邏輯推斷 這類題目往往是要求根據(jù)文章所提供的背景，人物的表情，動(dòng)作和語(yǔ)言來(lái)推斷出人物的態(tài)度或感覺。

　　(4)對(duì)作者的意圖和態(tài)度的推斷

　　這一類功課大都要求考生就作者對(duì)論述對(duì)象持什么樣的態(tài)度做出推斷， 如作者對(duì)所陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對(duì)，還是猶豫不定，對(duì)記述或描寫的人、物或事件是贊頌、同情、冷漠，還是厭惡。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來(lái)，而往往隱含在字里行間。因此，進(jìn)行這種推斷時(shí)，我們既要依靠短文的主題思想作為推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辭，尤其是形容詞一類的修飾語(yǔ)。

 

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